Paradoxical Slogans in 1984 - 1661 Words

Sahil Aggarwal Williams IB English SL The Veracity of Paradoxical Slogans in 1984 The definition of a paradox is, â€Å"A statement that on the surface seems a contradiction, but that actually contains some truth.† In George Orwell’s, 1984, the use of paradoxes is exemplified in an attempt to allow the reader to understand the true intentions of a totalitarian government. By using war as a method of keeping peace in the society or even going so far as to further the degree of ignorance to greaten the government’s power, Orwell constantly expresses the oppression of people under a totalitarian rule, the central theme of the novel. In an effort to gain the further support of the people of Oceania, the controlling party writes the following†¦show more content†¦In Oceania, there are no means of comparison, as communication is under the Party’s influence. Knowledge is the Party’s threat, which once high enough, would lead to their annihilation. Knowledge grows through the education of the people, however this is hindered by the enforcement of various literary features. The motif, Newspeak, recurs throughout the novel, and illustrates how the government restricts knowledge through the limitation of language. Newspeak is a language that has a narrowed vocabulary in an attempt to exclude words that can raise awareness of any suppressive behavior that the Party exerts. â€Å"Don’t you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thought crime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it.† This quote best illustrates the Party’s intentions for Newspeak in regards to this slogan. The first sentence establishes how this motif is increasing ignorance, by narrowing the range of thought. In doing so, the second sentence holds true as the more ignorance that is spread through society, the more strength and power the Party gains control over the people of Oceania. The telescreen, a television that is used to monitor the people of the societyShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Fahrenheit 451 1092 Words   |  5 Pagescondemning them to intellectual poverty. This concept of intellectual repression will be explored through two classic dystopian texts; 1984 and Fahrenheit 451. Orwell’s 1984 was committed to paper under the backdrop of the Stalinist totalitarian regime in the Soviet Union, where the freedom of thought had been abolished; which parallels the fascist sovereignty of 1984, governed under the omnipresent puppeteer, Big Brother. Intended to be a warning to humanity concerning the â€Å"poisons of totalitarianism†Read MoreMethods of Manipulation in George Orwells novel 19841511 Words   |  6 Pagesthat restrict the daily actions of humans. Additionally, these laws keep some freedoms for humans at bay. This paradox, along with many others, is taken for granted in everyday life. The slogans, formed through doublethink, and the ministries that are created by the Party in George Orwells novel 1984 are paradoxical in nature, as each individual aspect that seems self-contradictory, but contains a hidden truth. War is peace, Freedom is slavery, Ignorance is strength, and the four ministries of theRead MoreSlogans Of 19841164 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"From where Winston stood it was just possible to read, picked out on its white face in elegant lettering, the three slogans of the Party: War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength.† In the story, 1984 by George Orwell, the Party places this slogan everywhere to make sure they have the power over everyone the people. Although the Party’s ideas seem to contradict one another, their ideas do make sense in a way. If there is war between two countries and they are fighting one another,Read MoreGeorge Orwell s Brave New World, 1984, And King Lear3482 Words   |  14 PagesPower and Control is presented in various ways in Brave New World, 1984, and King Lear. The ways in which the omnipresent governments in 1984 and Brave New World deploy power and control draw significant areas of comparison to each other, as well as contrasting to the presentation of power and control in King Lear. Various methods are utilised in order to exercise power and control in 1984, King Lear, and Brave New World. â€Å"Hypnopaedia† is employed in Brave New World as a method of mass control.Read MoreContemporary Management Issues9330 Words   |  38 PagesPARADOX OF COVERT RESISTANCE IN ORGANIZATIONS Peter Fleming p.fleming1@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au Andrà © Spicer a.spicer@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au Department of Management University of Melbourne Parkville, Vic 3010 Australia Chapter for Paradoxical New Directions in Organization and Management Theory. Edited by Stewart Clegg. Amsterdam: Benjamins. (Second Draft) July 2001 The problem of whether employee resistance is possible under corporate relations of power that target the veryRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pagesof a twist in places. Recent work on trust also covers important ground in the discussion of competition and co-operation (Coulson, 1997, 1998; Gambetta, 1988; Kramer Tyler, 1996; Misztal, 1996), as does the work on co-operation itself (Axelrod, 1984; Baker, 1996; Nowak, May Sigmund, 1995). 4 Although intended to be funny, Scott Adams (1996) The Dilbert Principle is also worth a look for its acute observations about the experience of change at low levels in an organisational hierarchy. Read MoreAnalysis of Life Cycle of Ibm4448 Words   |  18 Pagesof initiatives that collectively demonstrated an unwavering faith in his workers: he hired the company s first disabled worker in 1914, he formed the company s first employee education department in 1916, and in 1915 he introduced his favourite slogan, THINK, which quickly became their corporate mantra. Watson boosted company spirit by encouraging any employee with a complaint to approach him or any other company executive – his famed Open Door policy. He also sponsored employee sports teamsRead MoreOn the Interface between Operations and Human Resources Management16889 Words   |  68 Pagesplant of a large computer manufacturer that was also plagued by low throughput. Recognizing that worker contributions were essential, management embarked on a motivational campaign, which included shirts, pep talks, and illuminated signs with slogans such as â€Å"I love my job.† Not only did these efforts fail to promote higher output, but also the workforce was put off by them and became cynical about improvement efforts in general. Eventually, the circuit-board plant adopted an alternate approachRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesadjustments or further systematizations of the prevailing ideas, but by espousing new ideas, making new demands, and creating new visions for potential followers. That rationalization and charisma should embody Webers view of social change is somewhat paradoxical and may lead to the accusation that Weber is somewhat contradictory. The source of the alleged contradiction lies in the fact that Weber claims that charisma is irrational and anti- rational, the opposite of rationalization or rationality.18 HoweverRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesthe Post Industrial Society, P. Sadler, 1988, Ashgate; Figure 5.2 J Gross/Getty Images/Sport; Figure 5.3 after Manpower strategies for flexible organizations, Personnel Management August, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (Atkinson, J. 1984); Figure 5.4 from Kalleberg, A., Flexible firms and labour market segmentation: effects of workplace restructuring on jobs and workers, Work and Occupations (Vol. 30 Issue 2) pp. 154–175, copyright 2003 by Sage Publications, reprinted by permission

Skill - 5329 Words

European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 13, Number 3 (2010) 387 Relationship between Interpersonal Communication Skills and Organizational Commitment (Case Study: Jahad Keshavarzi and University of Qom, Iran) Hassan Zarei Matin Associate Professor, University of Tehran, Iran Golamreza Jandaghi Associate Professor, University of Tehran, Iran Fateme Haj Karimi Graduate, Public Management, University of Tehran, Iran Ali Hamidizadeh Graduate, Public Management, University of Tehran, Iran Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify the interpersonal communication skills that enhance organizational commitment. To do so in a descriptive survey, the models provided by Robbins and Hunsaker and by Allen and Meyer were used to†¦show more content†¦Transmission of message by the process of encoding and decoding the message, which may result in short-term perception, is not adequate for the success of communication. Communication should be in such a way that will give opportunity for the respondent or receiver to take decision with regard to the message he perceived (master, 2008 :5). The concept of interpersonal communication skills was firstly introduced in 1950s (Berko et al., 1998/1378: 58). Interpersonal communication skills have been defined as ability to work well with people, and involve your acceptance of others, without prejudice. This does not always mean that you like the person, but you are able to overcome your dislike in order to achieve your tasks (Smith, 2009b : 1). Interpersonal communication skills are ability to respond to staffs needs positively, fostering a non-discriminatory work environment where staff can develop to their full personal potentials, and delegating authority (Avkiran, 2000 :656). Interpersonal communication competence consists of a set of skills, knowledge about communication, and self-evaluation. Competent interpersonal communication skills include selfdisclosure, owned feelings and thoughts, and descriptiveness and support. (Robinson, 2006: 1). Robbins and Hunsaker (2003) reviewed a large number of studies and synthesized the interpersonal skills that surfaced on most lists .Most of these skills belong to three categories – leadership, the process ofShow MoreRelatedSkills And Skills Of The Career Success760 Words   |  4 PagesSkills USA. An organization that has given the opportunity to lead and hone the skills of both High School and College students. It has grown into a society that many people strive to be in to gain career and technical skills. It has a reputation for allowing students to learn the abilities necessary to be successful in adulthood. I am here today carrying out the task to talk about this year’s theme, â€Å"Connecting You to Career Success,† as way to help me develop my public speaking skills. As a memberRead MoreSkill Acquisition1216 Words   |  5 PagesPDHPE ESSAY Skill acquisition refers to the process that athletes use to learn or acquire a new skill. A skill can be defined as an act or task such as typing or drawing, or in the instance of sport, catching, throwing, and running. Skill acquisition is a gradual developmental process that requires our cognitive (thinking) processes to work with our physical abilities to learn how to perform movements that we were previously unfamiliar with. For performers and coaches to produce peak performanceRead MoreOrganisational Skills1433 Words   |  6 PagesCapability PDP3 Personal Development Plan for:- Elizabeth Croft Tutor:- Aarti Vyas-Brannick Course:-BAAB Date of Submission:- 14TH May 2007 Tutor Approved YES/NO/ (if no see attached sheet) A. LEARNING CAPABILITY The skill I developed most in the Learning Capability quadrant was my learning profile. Becoming more organised was an aspect of my personal development which I thought most important as a basis on which to grow and develop my professional capabilities. WhatRead MoreSkills for Workplace1676 Words   |  7 PagesIMPORTANT SKILLS FOR WORKPLACE Important skills for the workplace today Nguyen Dang Dinh Van Kaplan University Dip FM 1888. Class 18B SSPDP Ms. Deepa Pillai September 30, 2010 Important skills for the workplace today Nowadays, workers are being requested getting more and more challenges and difficulties in every aspects of working environments. Employers are looking to people who have special skills which can apply directly to many different tasks. Therefore, people haveRead MoreTransferable Skills1385 Words   |  6 PagesTransferable Skills? We all have â€Å"learned† abilities and â€Å"natural† abilities. Learned abilities are our skills and natural abilities are our talents. So what are Transferable skills or job-related skills? Simply put, transferable skills are the skills and abilities you have acquired during any activity in your life – your jobs, classes, projects, volunteer work, parenting, hobbies, sports, virtually anything – that are applicable to what you want to do in your next job. Learned abilities are skills you developRead MoreQuestions On Skills And Skills922 Words   |  4 PagesSkills Approach Introduction The area of leadership skills and abilities has been studied by many researchers. One of the models was put forward by Katz in which he determined three various levels of skills that leaders in organizations must have. These skills included technical skills, human skills and conceptual skills (Northouse, 2015). The researcher stated that these skills tend to differ from qualities or traits of leaders as skills describe what leaders can attain while traits describe whoRead MoreSkill Learning And Skill Classification1087 Words   |  5 PagesDemonstrate and understand the skill learning and skill classification - Skill Classification State and explain the classification of your skill in relation to; Serving a tennis ball left handed requires many skills such as Fine/Gross, Open/Closed and Discrete/Serial/Continuous. Fine and Gross Fine motor skills are used as this involves the movement of small muscle groups, gross motor skills are also required as this involves the movement of large muscle groups. Fine is the ability to use smallRead MoreTalent vs Skill1090 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Talent vs Skill â€Å"Talent† and â€Å"skill† are often used interchangeably in conversations and perceptions. Both words pertain to the ability or potential of an individual to deal, work, and perform a particular task. However, their main difference is their point of origin. A talent is defined by resources as the ability by a person that is inherent, inborn, or naturally occurring. A talent is said to be a special ability to do something without prior experience, study, or tutelage. It is often classifiedRead MoreCounseling Skills Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussing is empthy, which is discussed in Chapter six (Shebib, 2003). Empathy is the ability to correctly interpret another persons feelings to show them you understand. So, empathy is not something we have, but something we do. Empathy is a skill and an attitude and not a feeling (sympathy is a feeling). It is about being able and willing to understand another person from their own point of view, without your own thoughts, feelings, opinions and judgements getting in the way of this understandingRead MoreCelta - Language Skills984 Words   |  4 PagesLanguage Skills Assignment Section 1: Choice of authentic text The authentic text chosen is â€Å"Eight ways to work out at work†. It was published by our local Star newspaper on 8 April’13. It is also available online (please refer to Appendix 1, page 2 for the text). The choice of the authentic text was based on the following: From a learner perspective: 1. Connection to own life/situation: The text is of an interesting subject matter which learners can connect to as many of them use computers

Perth Arena Case Study and Business Management

Question: Case Study: The Perth Arena Answer: The Perth Arena Designed to be the citys most spacious, multi-purpose indoor sports and entertainment venue, The Perth Arena is located on the Northbridge Link site in Perths CBD. The Arena is being constructed with an intent to hold and sporting entertainment events to an assemblage of between 5000 and 14000 people. The planning, tendering and contracting for the Arena was under the Department of Housing and Works (DHW). The project was scheduled for completion by 2009 but in December 2007, soon after commencement of construction, responsibility of the Arena was given to the Office of Strategic Projects (OSP) who was to report directly to the Minister for Housing and Works. Summarising the Governance Problems Perth Arena has been a significant project for Western Australia and the above preamble has been given to illustrate how high profile this project had become for the state authorities. Still, governance was not adequate and the project went three years behind the schedule of its completion and was commissioned in 2012. Why the planning[1] went wrong can be understood from the following factors, which emerged after a deep analysis. The authorities arrived at the cost and time estimates well before making a thorough analysis of the project. This resulted in escalation of the cost to $483 million, which was $323 million more (an escalation of 200%) than the estimated cost of $160 million announced at the time of planning in September 2005. DHW accepted an offer which was fundamentally different from the original conception of the Arena. This resulted in a tender process that became problematic and the contract negotiations created more problems than solutions. DHW made another mistake by changing the design without fully appraising the prices nor did it did made an analysis whether these represented value for money[2]. Most of the key decisions regarding the fundamental changes in the contract document were taken without making adequate assessment of the risks involved, legal opinion or consideration of available alternative options. The state had to bear the escalated costs and risks because DHW did not transfer the responsibility of scheduled completion of the Arenas design to the contractor. These inadequacies in governance of the prestigious Arena project exposed the State to greater levels of risk, both on time and money. The OSP also lacked in fulfilling its duties by not keeping the Minister or the Cabinet about its decisions and key risks associated with the project. This shown how lackadaisical was the projects governance, and though the governance arrangements were subsequently strengthened, risks remained of further cost escalation and delays[3]. 2(a) Stakeholder Circle The Stakeholder Circle is a tool which can be used to provide an effective way of visualising the power and influence of the stakeholders which may make an impact on the success or failure of the project. This tool is developed for a project to identify and prioritise the key stakeholders of the project and develop a strategy to build and illustrate the relationships between the key stakeholders. The key stakeholders in The Arena are OWNERS The Honourable Minister for Housing and Works Although the Honourable Minister is the main decision maker for all the projects which come under the jurisdiction of his ministry, it is not practical for him to keep a day-to-day control over each and every project[4]. He has dedicated departments and personnel who are designated to monitor, carry out the ministers instructions and see that the project finishes on schedule. The Office of Strategic Projects (OSP) As discussed above, the OSP was given the overall responsibility of The Arena Project with the binding that it shall keep the minister posted on the developments concerning the progress of the project. Department of Housing and Works DHW was the supervising agency for the project and was responsible for acting on behalf of the government of Western Australia. Department of Treasury and Finance The responsibility of this department was to control the financial transaction connected with the project[5]. GOVERNANCE VenuesWest the owners (on behalf of State of Western Australia) VenuesWest can be termed as the CEO of the project. The Stakeholder circle STAKEHOLDERS Ashton Raggatt McDougall (Architectural firm) This firm had the responsibility of designing the project and supervise its implementation. Cameron Chisholm Nicol (Architectural firm) This firm had the responsibility of designing and implementing the projects accessories which included seating arrangements, control panels and administrative sections. CSR Buckeridge Group of Companies (the contractors) The company which won the contract for building the entire project. AEG Ogden Management Consultants The responsibility of the management consultants was to take charge of the finished project and manage its day-to-day operations[6]. 2(b) Stakeholder Circle Analysis High Importance Low Importance Low Influence High Influence KEHOLDERSSStakeholder Analysis OWNERS The Honourable Minister for Housing and Works The Honourable Minister carries overall responsibility for all the projects which are under his ministry, but it is not possible for him to keep control over every project. This is the responsibility of his dedicated departments and personnel who are authorised to monitor the projects. The Office of Strategic Projects (OSP) The OSP got charge of The Arena Project after the blunders done by DHW but this department also failed in carrying out its responsibility with full impunity. Department of Housing and Works DHW failed miserably right from the beginning of the project. Department of Treasury and Finance This department was to control the financial transaction connected with the project, but it also failed in proper monitoring of the finances. GOVERNANCE VenuesWest the owners (on behalf of State of Western Australia) VenuesWest can be termed as the CEO of the project and it duly and diligently performed its responsibilities post taking control of the management. STAKEHOLDERS Ashton Raggatt McDougall (Architectural firm) This firm also failed in carrying oy its responsibility of designing the project effectively. Cameron Chisholm Nicol (Architectural firm) This firm was to look after the designing and implementing the projects accessories which included seating arrangements, control panels and administrative sections and proved to be successful. CSR Buckeridge Group of Companies (the contractors) The company which won the contract for building the entire project was not at fault as it was the design factor which led to cost escalations. AEG Ogden Management Consultants The responsibility of the management consultants was duly discharged successfully by this company. List of References Barnes, R. and Doidge, G. Managing Your Investment Property: The Essential Guide to Property Management in Australia and New Zealand. Milton, QLD: John Wiley Sons, 2010. Christensen, S. and Duncan, W.D. Professional Liability and Property Transactions. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press, 2004. Emerald Gems (ed). Built Environment and Property Management: A Focus on Australia. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015. Marshall, A., Williams, N. and Morgan, J. (ed). Land of Sweeping Plains: Managing and Restoring the Native Grasslands of South-eastern Australia. Clayton South, VIC: Csiro Publishing, 2015. Parker, D. Global Real Estate Investment Trusts: People, Process and Management. Milton, QLD: John Wiley Sons, 2012. Spoehr, J. (ed). State of South Australia: From Crisis to Prosperity? Kent Town: Wakefield Press, 2009.53.

The Effects of Literary, Spiritual and Scientific Concerns on Bodegones and Still Life Paintings during the Spanish Golden Age

Introduction Still paintings and bodegones were very popular during the Spanish golden age. Still paintings and bodegones are artistic works that are at times characterized by inanimate representations. During the Spanish golden era, they were usually portrayed by the arrangement of objects in such anesthetic manner. Unlike those of the rest of Europe that portrayed pleasure, luxurious and flamboyant lifestyles of plentitude, the Spanish still paintings and bodegones had moral and economical cost cutting elements (Thacker, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Literary, Spiritual and Scientific Concerns on Bodegones and Still Life Paintings during the Spanish Golden Age specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was because of the major influence of spiritual and scientific concerns of the time which in turn affected the much fancied literature works. The backgrounds were made in a geometrically design ed blocks. Economic management, budgeting and cost cutting as emphasized in the society of the time were reflected in the paintings. The Portrait of Pope Innocent X Diego Velà ¡zquez did this Painting. The painter had been mainly influenced by religion in his early paintings and was done when the Spanish painter visited Italy. The painting reflected the respected and charismatic leader of the Catholic Church. The painting mainly represented the head, which had been expertly drawn using the aesthetic variety of the combinations of the crimson curtain. Due to the influence of the church, other artists redrew the painting in imitative style numerous times and Diego’s fame rapidly spread all over Italy. Before making the painting Diego had to prove that he was capable of painting the image of the pope with success. He was required to first paint the Pope’s closest associates which he did with success and hence allowed to make this portrait. The portrait is considered by m any as one of the finest and most surreal painting ever to be made. For an artist to be permitted an audience with the Pope, he had to be very renowned and widely acclaimed. For all artists, it was a life long dream to paint the pope. During this time, the church had a widespread influence on all sectors. The portrait was preserved where it continues to fascinate those who get a glimpse at it. Still life with Lemons oranges and a rose This masterpiece, which is still at display at the Norton Simon Museum, is a classical representation of the scientific and spiritual influence on the paintings of the Spanish golden era. The background is silhouetted against pitch darkness being illuminated by a kind of glaring dazzling unearthly light. It portrays the images as if they are in three dimensions though they are in two dimensions. Zurbaran, the artist behind the awesome painting, is best remembered for his classical paintings of spiritual figures. He was fond of painting saints and his p aintings depicted the saints’ devotion, dedication, and visions(Walther Suckale, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many critics have interpreted this still life image of lemons oranges and a rose to represent innocence and virginity. The citrons are said to be paschal fruit, chastity suggested by the blossoming appealing oranges, the rose and the cup filled with water as a symbol of life full of abundant, unconditional love and purity. The arrangement of the items is in such way they have been closely linked with the votive Christian offerings on an altar. Deus Pictor During the Spanish Golden Era, the notion that the Virgin Mary at the time of her conception had been exempted from the original sin was the dominant controversial topic. In Deus Pictor by an anonymous painter the concept of Immaculate, non-physical sexual Conception is clearly represented. The setting of the painting is set in heaven. God the Father has been depicted to take the form of an old bearded man and it is from this old man that rays of light are seen to originate, piercing through the cloud straight into the virgin. The virgin is contained in an eggshell and the finger of the creator is seen to pierce through the egg touching on the virgin The finger of God theme, which still circulates the modern world, is seen to be what the artist is implying about in this painting. The finger of God is said to work and perform wonders of which is what the artist portrays in the painting. The virgin is represented as a will and work of God of which the phrase the begotten son seem to imply here. The painting is a clear representation of the widespread influence of the church and the emphasis on appealing literature works. The virgin is portrayed as having a direct connection with heaven, a notion upheld up to date and people plead to the virgin to mediate on their behalf especially the Cath olics. This painting is also a symbol of how the virgin is divinely created and her conception a supernatural phenomena. This painting’s representation of the virgin as having direct link with heaven also represents the people’s high regard of the virgin and the notion of Immaculate Conception. Bodegon of Sanchez Cotan Sanchez was the main person behind the establishment and popularization of Spanish still life, which came to be popularly referred to as bodegon. In his painting, he masterfully illustrates the depiction of simple fruits and vegetables. He uses the scientific geometry to portray some as hanging from above while others appear leaning on the window. The background is darkened with all objects standing in asymmetrical equilibrium stature. The forms are arranged, scrutinized, and set in such a scientific evaluation that they take a mystic quality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Literary, Spiritual and Scientific Concern s on Bodegones and Still Life Paintings during the Spanish Golden Age specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The painting by Sanchez portrays the objects, which is the vegetables and different fruit types, in the painting to be independent of one another and isolated. The isolation provides for the revelation of the aesthetic nature of each object. The painting is able to reveal to the audience the most common fruits and vegetables of the time. Just like the other Spanish still image paintings, this classic painting by Sanchez depicts the scientific method used at the time for the preservation of foodstuffs. Food was hang and allowed to dangle so as to prevent them from rotting. This is a common feature of the classical Spanish golden age paintings as this was the science of the time. The Portrait of Philip IV Diego Velazquez painted the magnificent portrait of the art loving monarch, King Philip IV. This immediately earned him favour in th e eyes of the king and consequently he was appointed as a court painter, which was a prestigious post. His post enabled him to have access to even the royal works and collections. He was also able to access the works of the legendary artist, Titan. These works by Titan exerted the greatest influence on his later paintings. However, limited scientific innovations and advancement made the images made create an illusion of reality. This though at times remarkable, owed to the qualities of light as the source could not be diversified like can be done today using the reflective nature of light. The drawing of the king’s portrait enabled him to travel all over Europe as a collector of fine art for the royal family when the king was interested at adding his existing collection. He became a close friend of the king, which eventually led to him influencing greatly on the decisions of the king. It was also at his trip to Italy on an official mission for the king that he made the portra it of the Pope. The Pope was a very influential individual both spiritually and politically. Since the scientific advancements of the time did not afford him sophisticated brushes, he is said to have used the long handed brushes. The Pope was very intrigued and impressed by the dazzling and admirable portrait that Diego was subsequently admitted to the church owned academy of St Luke. This was a great honour to Diego who was also hosted at the congregation of the famous Virtuosi of pantheon. Scientific and Literature’s Effect on the Paintings Science and technology has affected the character of human beings throughout history. The Spanish golden age is characterized as an era that was experiencing renaissance after the dormant Middle Ages. Though not significant, scientific endeavours were still evolving. The images painted during that era especially the still images had common characteristics. Foodstuffs are painted dangling to illustrate the main preservative methods of the time. (Wilder, 2007)Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The buildings and architectural designs of the time directly affected the art industry. There was also the desire to decorate the large buildings erected. Since there were no cameras for pictures, paintings were the major decorative tools. The monarch had established the art department, which had even the art court. Painters got resources from the state to decorate the newly built structures with beautiful piece of art. Painting was recognized by the state with funds set aside for painting expenditures. Painting requires beautiful colours for an exemplary piece of art to be produced. Colours inventory and production was the work of science. The colours produced by scientific methods were the only one available for use and thus the artistic products were partially determined by science. Unlike in other European countries, Spanish economics emphasized the need for saving and people shunning flamboyant lifestyle. Therefore, the painting found in Spain did not depict luxurious wasteful, pleasure loving lifestyle. Poems and other literature art were very influential during the Spanish golden age. Poems were recited to the nobles and in public functions. Paintings to aid poets in their expression of ideas became a very popular. Poetry was a lucrative occupation and thus artists who associated themselves with literature works got hefty rewards. This thus attracted many artists The Church’s Patronage and Influence During the Spanish golden era, the church was the most influential body in almost all sectors. Due to his exemplary painting of the Pope, the Pope who was residing in Italy instructed the papal nuncio all the way in Madrid Spain to support and aid Diego using all means possible in his quest of becoming a knight. Consequently, on returning to Spain, the artist was appointed to the office of chamberlain despite fierce opposition by members of nobility. The appointment guaranteed him a handsome lucrative salary with his residence adjacent and connecting with the royal palace. In return, Diego used his prestigious post to advance the careers of other artists like that of his close family members. He is said to have helped his grandchildren and son-in law tremendously in an effort to polish their skills. Velazquez is known to have been greatly influenced by religion. In fact one of his paintings depicting of a scenario of Mary and Martha in advocacy of self sacrifice that has been used in the description of the life of a nun. The portrait was used to show that apart from serving diligently, a nun has also a contemplative meditative life. Due to religion, most of his paintings revealed the spiritual empathy the great artist employed in explaining the nature of people. His paintings were thus intended to make the audience engage in reflective, logical analysis if one was to arrive at the intended message. The church at the time can be termed as having been the superpower. The church like the state used art to express and represent its teachings and the belief in the spiritual nature of humankind was emphasized. The birth of Jesus Christ was stressed to be a manifestation of the Holy Spirit. During this period, which in history is referred to as the Middle Ages or medieval epoch, the Church was both respected and feared (Bailey, 1913). It was both spiritually and legally binding with a huge army to enforce its decisions. The church was thus not to be opposed. If one was disgruntled, then it was advisable to keep it to oneself than be in conflict with the church as one was to be executed or excommunicated. This authoritarian nature of the church is one of the main reasons for the split of the Protestants. Since the church was very influential especially in Spain, it is automatic that most of the artists were Roman Catholic faithful and their faith led them to painting mostly about spiritually approved images. In Spain, unlike some of the European countries, obscene art was rare as was portrayed as going against the religious teachings. Those paintings that were pleasing and admired by the church resulted to big and lucrative rewards. The fame, of the artist with the finest piece of work according to the church, skyrocketed and saw more contracts and respect. The influences of the church in the destiny of an artist, attracted many artists in painting spiritual events in an effort to earn a favour in the eyes of the church. Conclusion In the epoch of the Spanish golden age, the church, scientific endeavours and literature were the three most influential factors of the time. These fields affected how people thought and any activities in these areas were prioritized. The paintings made in epoch of the Spanish golden era, are held with high regards in the contemporary modern world and the artists of the time are considers the giants of painting and have become inspiration figures of modern art. Scientific use of geometrical calculations and alignments is evidenced in most of the paintings of the t ime (De Armas, 2004). The science of time was closely related with the church. The church and science of the time held the notion that the earth was the centre of the solar system. Therefore, most of the paintings about the universe put the earth at the centre. Primary Reference List Bailey, T. Twelve great paintings: personal interpretation. New York: The Prang Company, 1913, PP 37-46. De Armas., A. Writing for the Eyes in the Spanish Golden Age. New Jersey: Rosemont Publishing Printing Corp, 2004, PP 150-180. Thacker, J. A Companion to Golden Age Theatre. Woodbridge: Tamesis, 2007 PP 108- 130. Secondary Reference List Walther, F., Suckale, R. Masterpieces of Western Art: A History of Art in 900 Individual Studies. Bonn: Taschen, 2002, PP 198- 220. Wilder, B. Art History For Dummies. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2007, PP 167- 207. This essay on The Effects of Literary, Spiritual and Scientific Concerns on Bodegones and Still Life Paintings during the Spanish Golden Age was written and submitted by user Adrianna Houston to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Evidence for the Safety and Efficacy of Metal

Evidence for the Safety and Efficacy of Metal Introduction The development of joint replacement surgery was a major milestone in orthopedic surgery. Hip replacement is often the only viable solution for patients with advanced joint deterioration. Total hip arthroplasty is usually the last recourse for patients whose condition cannot be resolved clinically.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Evidence for the Safety and Efficacy of Metal-on-Metal Hip Prosthesis: Sufficient or Insufficient? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Successful hip replacement usually leads to a better quality of life for the patient, due to the elimination of pain, and restoration of mobility. In addition, hip replacement improves the overall functioning of the body. The most common medical condition that can lead to the need for hip replacement is osteoarthritis. Other conditions include inflammatory arthritis, fracture, dysplasia, and malignancy. The use of Metal-on-Metal hip repla cement implants arose from the need to have durable implants. Metals also offered biomedical engineers a wide range of possibilities when designing Metal-on-Metal hip implants. Apart from durability, biomedical engineers could treat metals to make them inert, and to make them withstand corrosion better that most materials. Materials and Design There are two types of Metal-on-Metal hip replacement systems. The first type is the total hip replacement system. Total hip replacement involves the substitution of the hipbone and the hip joint with a metallic system as shown in Figure 1 below. The second type of hip implant is used in cases where the hipbone is not very damaged, by where the hip joint has deteriorated. In this case, a replacement hip joint substitutes the lining of the hip joint in the place of worn out cartilage as shown in Figure 1 below. Four main types of hip replacements are available to patients. The first type is the Metal-on-Plastic implant. Usually, this type of i mplant is made using a polyethylene socket, while the bearing is made from cobalt-chrome alloy. The second type of hip implant is the Metal-on-Metal implant made from cobalt-chromium alloy, titanium alloy, or sometimes stainless steel.Figure 1: Metal-on-Metal Hip Implant SystemsAdvertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third type of implant is the Ceramic-on-Ceramic implant. This type of implant has the best durability because of the resistant nature of ceramics. The debris produced as the joint wears is also not toxic to the human body. The fourth type of implant is the Ceramic-on-Polyethylene implant. This type combines the qualities of the two materials to produce a very durable implant. Table 1 below compares devices from different manufacturers Name of Device Manufacturer Market Status Reasons ASR XL Acetabular system DePuy Recalled 2010 High 5-year fa ilure rate of 13% R3 Acetabular system Smith and Nephew Orthopaedics Recalled 2012 Studies showed problems with metal liners in systems Rejuvenate ABG II metal hip stems Stryker Recalled 2012 Multiple failures including dislocation and pain Acetabular Component (Durom Cup) Zimmer Durom Recalled 2008 Voluntary recall by company citing low skill levels among surgeons Table 1: Device Comparison Clinical Safety and Efficacy A team of researchers at the Joint Replacement Institute of the Orthopedic Hospital in Los Angeles conducted a study to investigate the performance of Metal-on-Metal hip replacement implants. The study was titled â€Å"Metal-on-Metal Hybrid Surface Arthroplasty: Two to Six-Year Follow-up Study†. It was published by Amstutz et al. in 2004 in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. The researchers studied the performance of 400 Metal-on-Metal hip replacements in 355 patients who had undergone arthroplasty after an average of three and a half years. The r eviews were done three months after the arthroplasty, and then annually for a period of three years. The findings from the study were as follows. First, the researchers found that most of the patients were able to resume active lifestyles after the arthroplasty, including participating in sporting activities. The level of activity of each patient dictated the rate of wear of the replacement joints. Out of the 400 hip arthroplasty procedures, twelve (3%) required total replacement after four years due to loosening of the femoral component, or due to neck fractures on the femoral component. The main risk factors associated with the degradation of the femoral component were large femoral heads, female gender, patient height, and small component size in male patients.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Evidence for the Safety and Efficacy of Metal-on-Metal Hip Prosthesis: Sufficient or Insufficient? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The researchers concluded that in the overall sense, their review of the performance of Metal-on-Metal arthroplasty gave an encouraging picture. Secondly, the researchers concluded that optimal femoral preparation was a key success factor in hybrid Metal-on-Metal arthroplasty. In addition, optimal sizing of the replacement joint was also necessary for successful operation of a replacement hip. The researchers also concluded that replacing a Metal-on-Metal joint by a standard femoral component is easy to carry out. This research project supported the continued use of Metal-on-Metal hybrid joints based on their durability. The researchers failed to take into account the impact of the metallic debris on periprosthetic tissue. This shows that the researchers were biased towards the performance of the Metal-on-Metal hybrid joints at component level. Clarke et al. (2003) conducted research into the toxicological exposure to Chromium and Cobalt in patients who had unde rgone Metal-on-Metal hip arthroplasty. The researchers presented their findings in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery in an article titled, â€Å"Levels of Metal Ions after Small and Large Diameter Metal-on-Metal Hip Arthroplasty†. The hypothesis of the project was that the production of arthroplasty debris would be less after resurfacing arthroplasty that after total hip arthroplasty. The patients chosen to participate in the research project were those who had undergone arthroplasty at least six months prior to the research. The inclusion criteria included having undergone either total hip arthroplasty or resurfacing arthroplasty. The exclusion criteria include the presence of other metallic prosthesis in the body with the exception of titanium. In addition, the researchers excluded patients with secondary exposure to cobalt or chromium. The researchers compared the levels of chromium and cobalt in two sets of 22 patients who had undergone resurfacing arthroplasty and th ose who has undergone total hip arthroplasty. The first finding was that patients who had undergone resurfacing arthroplasty had medium serum levels of cobalt and chromium of 38 nmol/l and 53 nmol/l.Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These levels were much greater than the levels found in those who had undergone total hip arthroplasty, which were 22 nmol/l and 19 nmol/l respectively. This notwithstanding, the researchers noted that these levels were significantly greater than the levels in patients without implants, which is typically 5 nmol/l. The researchers concluded that larger diameter implants result in greater exposure to cobalt and chromium. In addition, they concluded that patients have a higher level of metal ion concentrations after resurfacing arthroplasty compared to total hip arthroplasty. The main criticism about this research project was that it focused too much on the impacts of the metal debris arising from hip arthroplasty. A balanced view of the subject should have included a cost-benefit analysis aimed at finding out whether this condition was better than the prognosis arising from hip problems. This way, it would have been easier to decide whether the risks are worth taking. A study by rese archers in South Korea sought to establish whether metal hypersensitivity had a role in the onset of osteolysis after total hip arthroplasty. Park et al. (2005) conducted their research in the Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Dermatology, and Pathology in the Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, located at the Samsung Medical Center in Seoul, South Korea. They presented their findings in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery through an article titled, â€Å"Early Osteolysis Following Second-Generation Metal-on-Metal Hip Replacement†. The researchers wanted to investigate the possible role of metal hypersensitivity in the etiology of osteolysis. Their research was motivated by the increasing use of Metal-on-Metal components for hip arthroplasty as a replacement for metal-on-polyethylene components, especially on second-generation patients. The researchers studied 165 patients (169 hips) who had undergone total hip arthroplasty between 2000 and 2002. The researchers fo llowed the patients for a period of twenty-four months. After this period, the researchers found that nine patients had developed osteolytic lesions. The researchers then conducted skin patch tests for hypersensitivity on the nine patients, and in a control group of nine patients who did not have the lesions. The researchers also conducted further tests on two hips during replacement surgery. These tests included microbiological cultures, histopathologic examinations, and immunohistochemical analysis on the two hips. The results obtained by the researchers showed that the patients who had developed osteolytic lesions had a higher hypersensitivity reaction to cobalt compared to their cohort. The two hips that underwent further tests showed no signs of metallic staining. There was however a high concentration of lymphocytes in the periprosthetic region. The researchers failed to find a way of telling apart natural sensitivity to Cobalt from acquired hypersentivity. This leaves the res earch findings open to interpretation because there is no proof adduced to the heightened levels of cobalt in the bodies of patients. In the same way, the researchers failed to find out whether Metal-on-Metal prosthesis has anything to do with osteolysis. This reduces the overall efficacy of the report. A research project conducted in the Departments of Orthopedics and Pathology, at the Klinikum der Universitt Gà ¶ttingen in Gà ¶ttingen, Germany sought to find out whether there is evidence to support the presence of an immunological reaction in patients who undergo a successive arthroplasty using Metal-on-Metal implants. The findings of the research project by Willart et al. (2005) were presented in the article titled â€Å"Metal-on-Metal Bearings and Hypersensitivity in Patients with Artificial Hip Joints†. The initial observation by the researchers that triggered the research process was that the some patients experienced a recurrence of preoperative symptoms after underg oing a second-generation total hip arthroplasty. Ideally, the surgery should have alleviated the entire range of symptoms related to aging prosthesis. In this regard, the researchers developed the project to find out why there was little or no change in patients who underwent arthroplasty involving second-generation Metal-on-Metal prosthesis. The researchers collected clinical data and examined periprosthetic tissue from nineteen patients who underwent arthroplasty in participating clinics. The sample was chosen on a consecutive basis as an application of random sampling. Out of the nineteen patients, fourteen patients received alumina-ceramic or metal-on-polyethylene implant. Five patients received second-generation Metal-on-Metal total joint replacement. The researchers used immunihistochemical methods to test the periprosthetic samples. They also used histological methods to test the samples. The main findings that the researchers reported were that the patients who underwent Met al-on-Metal total hip replacement had a recurrence of the preoperative symptoms characterized by an immunological reaction. The evidence adduced to support an immunological reaction was the presence of T and B lymphocyte cells in the periprosthetic region. In addition, immunohistochemical tests showed that the immunological reactions were ongoing as at the time of the test. This project made very important findings in regards to the impact of metallic debris arising from Metal-on-Metal prosthesis. The researchers did not provide a conclusive proposal on how to deal with the issues. This leaves the readers with task of deciding what to do about the prosthesis. Good research reports need to take into account the likely range of actions. Fisher et al. (2004) conducted a simulated experiment on the performance of surface engineered prosthesis to find out whether it is possible to reduce the rate to wear on metal-to-metal prosthesis. The researchers used a simulator to mimic the operatin g conditions of a Metal-on-Metal prosthesis. Lower rates of wear and tear associated with Metal-on-Metal prosthesis compared to other types of implants inspired the researchers. Metal-on-Metal prostheses have much lower wear rates compared to polyethylene prostheses. However, the researchers were aware that the levels of toxicity of the residue associated with Metal-on-Metal prostheses were higher that the levels associated with residue from other materials. Therefore, they identified the need for Metal-on-Metal prostheses with lower wear rates to eliminate or reduce the toxicity associated with metallic residue. The stated goals of the project were to investigate the wear, wear debris, and ion release of fully coated surface engineered Metal-on-Metal bearings for hip prostheses. The researchers used the Leeds Mark II physiological hip joint simulator operating at 1 Hz to conduct the wear experiments. This enabled them to collect the debris from the exercise. The test units were fiv e types of surface engineered prosthesis. The researchers also subjected conventional Metal-on-Metal prostheses to the simulator tests to develop a comparison. They found that the surface engineered bearings had a wear rate that was at least 18 times lower than traditional prosthesis after one million cycles and 36 times lower after five million cycles. The differences were calculated by measuring the debris levels and ion concentration in the lubricants. The debris levels and ion concentration in the lubricants were much lower when the experiments were done using surface engineered prostheses. The experiment by Fisher shows that it is possible to reduce the wear rate of metallic prostheses. Theoretically, this should reduce the problems associated with high serum concentration of metallic ions in patients with Metal-on-Metal prosthesis. However, the researchers failed to find out whether better surface engineering can reduce the problems associated with immunological responses espe cially in periprosthetic tissue. Conclusion This review shows that in the period prior to 2005, there was increasing concern regarding the use of Metal-on-Metal implants because of the immunological reactions caused by hypersensitivity to high ion concentration. In addition, the long-term impact of high ion concentration is unknown. Surface engineering can help resolve these fears. Reference List Amstutz, HC, Beaule, PE, Dorey, FJ, LeDuff, MJ, Campbell, PA Gruen, TA 2004, Metal-on-Metal Hybrid Surface Arthroplasty: Two to Six-Year Follow-up Study, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, vol 86, no. 1, pp. 28-39. Bohle, P Quinlan, M 2000, Managing Occupational Health and Safety: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Macmillan Educational AU, South Yarra. Clarke, MT, Lee, PT, Arora, A Villar, RN 2003, Levels of Metal Ions after Small- and Large Diameter Metal-on-Metal Hip Arthroplasty, The Journal of Joint and Bone Surgery, vol 85, no. 6, pp. 913-917. FDA 2013, Medical Devices: Metal-on-Met al Hip Implants. Web. Fisher, J, Hu, XQ, Stewart, TD, Williams, S, Tipper, JL, Ingham, E, Stone, MH, Davies, C, Hatto, P, Bolton, J, Riley, M, Hardaker, C, Issac, G Berry, G 2004, Wear of Surface Engineered Metal-on-Metal Hip Prostheses, Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, vol 15, no. 1, pp. 225-235. Park, Y-S, Moon, Y-W, Lim, S-J, Yang, J-M, Ahn, G Choi, Y-L 2005, Early Osteolysis Following Second-Generation Metal-on-Metal Hip Replacement, Journal of Joint and Bone Surgery, vol 87, no. 7, pp. 1515-1521. Singh, JA 2011, Epidemiology of Knee and Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review, Open Orthopaedics Journal, vol 5, no. 1, pp. 80-85. Willart, H-G, Buchhorn, GH, Fayyazi, A, Flury, R, Windler, M, Koster, G Lohmann, CH 2005, Metal-on-Metal Bearings and Hypersensitivity in Patients with Artificial Hip Joints, Journal of Joint and Hip Surgery, vol 87, no. 1, pp. 28-36.

The Bermuda Triangle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Bermuda Triangle - Essay Example The essay "The Bermuda Triangle" talks about the Bermuda Triangle, an area of the Atlantic Ocean, which has a mythical value as it is associated with the inexplicable disappearance of numerous vessels such as ships and airplanes passing through or over the area. The name emanates from the fact that the area is marked by a triangularly shaped border which connects Bermuda to Miami and then to San Juan back to Bermuda. It is believed that this section of the ocean is always busy with traffic, with commercial ships sailing through to places such as Europe, Caribbean and other ports in America while tourists fly over from Florida to Bermuda and other Islands in the vicinity and back using light airplanes. This section of the ocean is said to have numerous cases of strong currents, storms, and hurricanes during certain times of the year and this has been termed as the real reason as to why notable disappearances of vessels have occurred especially before the advancement in communication t echnologies, which are important in acquiring real-time information on the whereabouts of vessels cruising through the ocean or flying through the air. However, this has not helped much in changing the mythical identity of Bermuda triangle. The earliest allegation in this area was in 1950 by one Edward Winkle, who reported that there were mysterious disappearances, which could not be explained inhumanly possible terms. The disappearance of a Navy aircraft, Flight 19, in 1945 is cited as one of the most important historical events.

Oil price in GCC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oil price in GCC - Essay Example Since the 1970s’ tremendous oil price shocks till the latest times, the oil prices have exhibited major changes which have immensely contributed to the volatility and uncertainty of the energy sector. The oil prices in the timeframe between 2007 and 2008 rose by 40 dollars to reach the threshold of 100 dollars down from 60 dollars, which had already increased to 147 dollars by July. By August, the prices fell to 145 dollars and in four months marked at the end of December 2008, they were trading at 45 dollars. The cycle of rise and fall of oil prices was repeated in 2009 and the trend has progressed till 2014. This trend has been a serious concern as it affects both producers and consumers. In the last decade, there has been much literature devoted to the exploration of the relationship between stock markets and oil prices in the GCC countries. Research from empirical documents indicate that the fluctuations in the oil prices has an impact on the corporate performance of companies, earnings and output as well as stock returns. Most of the studies conducted recently have indicated a link between stock prices and oil prices although such studies were based on market performances of developed economies. The assessment of the movement of GCC stock markets in response of the movements in oil prices can be examined both industry-level stock return data and country-level data (Bjornland, 2009). The findings show that there is a direct relationship between stock prices and oil prices in the short term which is not present in the long term. The casualty relationship exists, in most cases, running from oil prices to stock markets at the country level. At the industry level, the responses of the return on oil are relatively positive, as marked by only twelve out of twenty industries. The response of the oil price in relation to movements of the stock returns can be described as asymmetrical (Awartani & Maghyereh, 2013). This